• 00:00 1.
    Slide 1
  • 00:26 2.
    Half a Billion Years of Backbones
  • 01:02 3.
    Slide 3
  • 02:53 4.
    Figure 34.1
  • 03:02 5.
    One lineage of vertebrates colonized land 365 million years agoThey gave rise to modern amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammalsThere are more than 57,000 species of vertebrates, including the largest organisms ever to live on EarthVertebrates
  • 03:57 6.
    Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • 04:50 7.
    Figure 34.2
  • 08:14 8.
    Slide 10
  • 08:55 9.
    Slide 11
  • 09:13 10.
    Slide 12
  • 09:23 11.
    Derived Characters of Chordates
  • 11:06 12.
    Figure 34.3
  • 12:45 13.
    Notochord
  • 12:54 14.
    Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
  • 13:01 15.
    Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
  • 13:03 16.
    Functions of pharyngeal slitsSuspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordatesGas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods 四足類
  • 13:04 17.
    Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
  • 13:06 18.
    Lancelets文昌魚目
  • 13:29 19.
    Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
  • 13:30 20.
    Functions of pharyngeal slitsSuspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordatesGas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods 四足類
  • 13:30 21.
    Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
  • 13:30 22.
    Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
  • 13:31 23.
    Notochord
  • 13:31 24.
    Figure 34.3
  • 13:36 25.
    Notochord
  • 13:36 26.
    Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
  • 13:36 27.
    Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
  • 13:37 28.
    Functions of pharyngeal slitsSuspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordatesGas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods 四足類
  • 13:38 29.
    Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
  • 13:38 30.
    Lancelets文昌魚目
  • 13:38 31.
    Figure 34.UN01
  • 13:39 32.
    Figure 34.4
  • 14:25 33.
    Figure 34.4a
  • 14:27 34.
    Slide 24
  • 17:13 35.
    Tunicates
  • 18:33 36.
    Metamorphosis from the larva to adult form involves the resorption of the tail and notochord and 90° rotation of the remaining organs Adult tunicates draw in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering food particlesWhen attacked, tunicates, or “sea squi
  • 18:51 37.
    Figure 34.2
  • 19:20 38.
    Figure 34.5
  • 21:29 39.
    Figure 34.5a
  • 21:30 40.
    Figure 34.5b
  • 21:31 41.
    Slide 31
  • 22:05 42.
    ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
  • 24:27 43.
    Slide 31
  • 24:28 44.
    Early Chordate Evolution
  • 25:07 45.
    Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are present in tunicates and vertebrates but are absent from nonchordate invertebratesTunicates have embryonic cells that share characteristics with cells found in the vertebrate neural crest
  • 25:32 46.
    Early Chordate Evolution
  • 25:34 47.
    Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are present in tunicates and vertebrates but are absent from nonchordate invertebratesTunicates have embryonic cells that share characteristics with cells found in the vertebrate neural crest
  • 26:24 48.
    Figure 34.6
  • 27:07 49.
    Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
  • 27:30 50.
    Figure 34.6
  • 27:33 51.
    Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
  • 27:46 52.
    ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
  • 28:09 53.
    Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
  • 29:56 54.
    Derived Characters of Vertebrates
  • 31:17 55.
    Figure 34.7
  • 32:15 56.
    Figure 34.7a
  • 32:15 57.
    Figure 34.7b
  • 32:16 58.
    Hagfishes and Lampreys
  • 33:35 59.
    Together, the hagfishes and lampreys form a clade of living jawless vertebrates, the cyclostomesVertebrates with jaws make up a much larger clade, the gnathostomes
  • 34:35 60.
    Figure 34.2
  • 34:44 61.
    Figure 34.UN03
  • 34:44 62.
    Hagfishes
  • 36:20 63.
    Figure 34.8
  • 36:49 64.
    Figure 19.2a
  • 36:51 65.
    Slide 47
  • 37:37 66.
    Slide 48
  • 41:52 67.
    Slide 49
  • 41:54 68.
    Slide 50
  • 42:15 69.
    ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
  • 43:30 70.
    Slide 50
  • 43:36 71.
    Lampreys
  • 45:19 72.
    Figure 34.9
  • 45:36 73.
    Slide 53
  • 45:52 74.
    Slide 54
  • 46:04 75.
    ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
  • 57:49 76.
    Early Vertebrate Evolution
  • 58:19 77.
    ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
  • 58:56 78.
    Early Vertebrate Evolution
  • 59:15 79.
    Figure 34.10
  • 59:37 80.
    Figure 34.10a
  • 59:38 81.
    Conodonts牙形刺 were among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating to 500 million years ago They had a set of barbed hooks at the anterior end of the mouth used for capturing preyThese hooks, and another set of dental elements in the pharynx, w
  • 59:57 82.
    Figure 34.11
  • 1:00:31 83.
    Conodonts牙形刺 were among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating to 500 million years ago They had a set of barbed hooks at the anterior end of the mouth used for capturing preyThese hooks, and another set of dental elements in the pharynx, w
  • 1:00:48 84.
    Figure 34.11
  • 1:00:48 85.
    Other jawless vertebrates had a muscular pharynx for sucking in food itemsThey were also armored with defensive plates of mineralized bone to protect them from predatorsAll of the jawless, armored vertebrates became extinct by the end of the Devonian 泥盆紀
  • 1:01:42 86.
    Figure 34.12
  • 1:02:18 87.
    Other jawless vertebrates had a muscular pharynx for sucking in food itemsThey were also armored with defensive plates of mineralized bone to protect them from predatorsAll of the jawless, armored vertebrates became extinct by the end of the Devonian 泥盆紀
  • 1:02:29 88.
    Figure 34.12
  • 1:02:30 89.
    Slide 62
  • 1:02:48 90.
    ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
  • 1:04:48 91.
    Slide 62
  • 1:04:49 92.
    The vertebrate skeleton evolved as a structure made of unmineralized cartilageMineralized bone first appeared on the outer surface of the skull in some jawless vertebrates 470 million years agoSkeletons with a thin layer of bone lining the cartilage appea
  • 1:04:58 93.
    Slide 62
  • 1:04:59 94.
    Figure 34.12
  • 1:05:26 95.
    Slide 62
  • 1:05:27 96.
    The vertebrate skeleton evolved as a structure made of unmineralized cartilageMineralized bone first appeared on the outer surface of the skull in some jawless vertebrates 470 million years agoSkeletons with a thin layer of bone lining the cartilage appea
  • 1:05:44 97.
    Slide 64
  • 1:05:44 98.
    Concept 34.3: Gnathostomes有頜下門 are vertebrates that have jaws
  • 1:05:45 99.
    Slide 64
  • 1:05:45 100.
    Concept 34.3: Gnathostomes有頜下門 are vertebrates that have jaws
  • 1:06:47 101.
    Derived Characters of Gnathostomes
  • 1:06:52 102.
    Figure 34.13
  • 1:07:55 103.
    Other characters common to gnathostomesGenome duplication, including duplication of Hox genesAn enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced senses of smell and visionThe lateral line system, rows of organs sensitive to vibrations that are located along ea
  • 1:08:43 104.
    Slide 69
  • 1:09:48 105.
    Fossil Gnathostomes
  • 1:10:54 106.
    Figure 34.14
  • 1:11:10 107.
    Another group of jawed vertebrates called acanthodians棘魚綱 radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods (444–359 million years ago)Placoderms were extinct by 359 million years ago, followed by acanthodians about 70 million years laterThe three survivi
  • 1:11:42 108.
    Figure 34.14
  • 1:11:43 109.
    Fossil Gnathostomes
  • 1:11:44 110.
    Figure 34.14
  • 1:12:13 111.
    Another group of jawed vertebrates called acanthodians棘魚綱 radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods (444–359 million years ago)Placoderms were extinct by 359 million years ago, followed by acanthodians about 70 million years laterThe three survivi
  • 1:12:52 112.
    Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
  • 1:14:03 113.
    Figure 34.2
  • 1:14:11 114.
    Figure 34.15
  • 1:15:00 115.
    Figure 34.15a
  • 1:15:01 116.
    Figure 19.3b
  • 1:15:28 117.
    Slide 78
  • 1:17:50 118.
    Slide 79
  • 1:17:50 119.
    Slide 80
  • 1:18:44 120.
    Slide 81
  • 1:18:54 121.
    Slide 82
  • 1:19:34 122.
    Slide 83
  • 1:20:00 123.
    Ampullae of Lorenzi
  • 1:20:30 124.
    Slide 85
  • 1:20:38 125.
    Slide 86
  • 1:21:27 126.
    Structure and functioning of elasmobranch ampullae of Lorenzi
  • 1:21:28 127.
    Slide 88
  • 1:22:43 128.
    Slide 89
  • 索引
  • 筆記
  • 討論
  • 全螢幕
20220517 34章 脊椎動物 1
長度: 1:24:12, 瀏覽: 625, 最近修訂: 2022-05-17
    上一篇 下一篇
    • 00:00 1.
      Slide 1
    • 00:26 2.
      Half a Billion Years of Backbones
    • 01:02 3.
      Slide 3
    • 02:53 4.
      Figure 34.1
    • 03:02 5.
      One lineage of vertebrates colonized land 365 million years agoThey gave rise to modern amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammalsThere are more than 57,000 species of vertebrates, including the largest organisms ever to live on EarthVertebrates
    • 03:57 6.
      Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
    • 04:50 7.
      Figure 34.2
    • 08:14 8.
      Slide 10
    • 08:55 9.
      Slide 11
    • 09:13 10.
      Slide 12
    • 09:23 11.
      Derived Characters of Chordates
    • 11:06 12.
      Figure 34.3
    • 12:45 13.
      Notochord
    • 12:54 14.
      Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
    • 13:01 15.
      Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
    • 13:03 16.
      Functions of pharyngeal slitsSuspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordatesGas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods 四足類
    • 13:04 17.
      Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
    • 13:06 18.
      Lancelets文昌魚目
    • 13:29 19.
      Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
    • 13:30 20.
      Functions of pharyngeal slitsSuspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordatesGas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods 四足類
    • 13:30 21.
      Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
    • 13:30 22.
      Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
    • 13:31 23.
      Notochord
    • 13:31 24.
      Figure 34.3
    • 13:36 25.
      Notochord
    • 13:36 26.
      Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
    • 13:36 27.
      Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
    • 13:37 28.
      Functions of pharyngeal slitsSuspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordatesGas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods 四足類
    • 13:38 29.
      Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
    • 13:38 30.
      Lancelets文昌魚目
    • 13:38 31.
      Figure 34.UN01
    • 13:39 32.
      Figure 34.4
    • 14:25 33.
      Figure 34.4a
    • 14:27 34.
      Slide 24
    • 17:13 35.
      Tunicates
    • 18:33 36.
      Metamorphosis from the larva to adult form involves the resorption of the tail and notochord and 90° rotation of the remaining organs Adult tunicates draw in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering food particlesWhen attacked, tunicates, or “sea squi
    • 18:51 37.
      Figure 34.2
    • 19:20 38.
      Figure 34.5
    • 21:29 39.
      Figure 34.5a
    • 21:30 40.
      Figure 34.5b
    • 21:31 41.
      Slide 31
    • 22:05 42.
      ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
    • 24:27 43.
      Slide 31
    • 24:28 44.
      Early Chordate Evolution
    • 25:07 45.
      Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are present in tunicates and vertebrates but are absent from nonchordate invertebratesTunicates have embryonic cells that share characteristics with cells found in the vertebrate neural crest
    • 25:32 46.
      Early Chordate Evolution
    • 25:34 47.
      Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are present in tunicates and vertebrates but are absent from nonchordate invertebratesTunicates have embryonic cells that share characteristics with cells found in the vertebrate neural crest
    • 26:24 48.
      Figure 34.6
    • 27:07 49.
      Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
    • 27:30 50.
      Figure 34.6
    • 27:33 51.
      Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
    • 27:46 52.
      ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
    • 28:09 53.
      Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
    • 29:56 54.
      Derived Characters of Vertebrates
    • 31:17 55.
      Figure 34.7
    • 32:15 56.
      Figure 34.7a
    • 32:15 57.
      Figure 34.7b
    • 32:16 58.
      Hagfishes and Lampreys
    • 33:35 59.
      Together, the hagfishes and lampreys form a clade of living jawless vertebrates, the cyclostomesVertebrates with jaws make up a much larger clade, the gnathostomes
    • 34:35 60.
      Figure 34.2
    • 34:44 61.
      Figure 34.UN03
    • 34:44 62.
      Hagfishes
    • 36:20 63.
      Figure 34.8
    • 36:49 64.
      Figure 19.2a
    • 36:51 65.
      Slide 47
    • 37:37 66.
      Slide 48
    • 41:52 67.
      Slide 49
    • 41:54 68.
      Slide 50
    • 42:15 69.
      ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
    • 43:30 70.
      Slide 50
    • 43:36 71.
      Lampreys
    • 45:19 72.
      Figure 34.9
    • 45:36 73.
      Slide 53
    • 45:52 74.
      Slide 54
    • 46:04 75.
      ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
    • 57:49 76.
      Early Vertebrate Evolution
    • 58:19 77.
      ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
    • 58:56 78.
      Early Vertebrate Evolution
    • 59:15 79.
      Figure 34.10
    • 59:37 80.
      Figure 34.10a
    • 59:38 81.
      Conodonts牙形刺 were among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating to 500 million years ago They had a set of barbed hooks at the anterior end of the mouth used for capturing preyThese hooks, and another set of dental elements in the pharynx, w
    • 59:57 82.
      Figure 34.11
    • 1:00:31 83.
      Conodonts牙形刺 were among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating to 500 million years ago They had a set of barbed hooks at the anterior end of the mouth used for capturing preyThese hooks, and another set of dental elements in the pharynx, w
    • 1:00:48 84.
      Figure 34.11
    • 1:00:48 85.
      Other jawless vertebrates had a muscular pharynx for sucking in food itemsThey were also armored with defensive plates of mineralized bone to protect them from predatorsAll of the jawless, armored vertebrates became extinct by the end of the Devonian 泥盆紀
    • 1:01:42 86.
      Figure 34.12
    • 1:02:18 87.
      Other jawless vertebrates had a muscular pharynx for sucking in food itemsThey were also armored with defensive plates of mineralized bone to protect them from predatorsAll of the jawless, armored vertebrates became extinct by the end of the Devonian 泥盆紀
    • 1:02:29 88.
      Figure 34.12
    • 1:02:30 89.
      Slide 62
    • 1:02:48 90.
      ** after 2022 34_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
    • 1:04:48 91.
      Slide 62
    • 1:04:49 92.
      The vertebrate skeleton evolved as a structure made of unmineralized cartilageMineralized bone first appeared on the outer surface of the skull in some jawless vertebrates 470 million years agoSkeletons with a thin layer of bone lining the cartilage appea
    • 1:04:58 93.
      Slide 62
    • 1:04:59 94.
      Figure 34.12
    • 1:05:26 95.
      Slide 62
    • 1:05:27 96.
      The vertebrate skeleton evolved as a structure made of unmineralized cartilageMineralized bone first appeared on the outer surface of the skull in some jawless vertebrates 470 million years agoSkeletons with a thin layer of bone lining the cartilage appea
    • 1:05:44 97.
      Slide 64
    • 1:05:44 98.
      Concept 34.3: Gnathostomes有頜下門 are vertebrates that have jaws
    • 1:05:45 99.
      Slide 64
    • 1:05:45 100.
      Concept 34.3: Gnathostomes有頜下門 are vertebrates that have jaws
    • 1:06:47 101.
      Derived Characters of Gnathostomes
    • 1:06:52 102.
      Figure 34.13
    • 1:07:55 103.
      Other characters common to gnathostomesGenome duplication, including duplication of Hox genesAn enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced senses of smell and visionThe lateral line system, rows of organs sensitive to vibrations that are located along ea
    • 1:08:43 104.
      Slide 69
    • 1:09:48 105.
      Fossil Gnathostomes
    • 1:10:54 106.
      Figure 34.14
    • 1:11:10 107.
      Another group of jawed vertebrates called acanthodians棘魚綱 radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods (444–359 million years ago)Placoderms were extinct by 359 million years ago, followed by acanthodians about 70 million years laterThe three survivi
    • 1:11:42 108.
      Figure 34.14
    • 1:11:43 109.
      Fossil Gnathostomes
    • 1:11:44 110.
      Figure 34.14
    • 1:12:13 111.
      Another group of jawed vertebrates called acanthodians棘魚綱 radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods (444–359 million years ago)Placoderms were extinct by 359 million years ago, followed by acanthodians about 70 million years laterThe three survivi
    • 1:12:52 112.
      Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
    • 1:14:03 113.
      Figure 34.2
    • 1:14:11 114.
      Figure 34.15
    • 1:15:00 115.
      Figure 34.15a
    • 1:15:01 116.
      Figure 19.3b
    • 1:15:28 117.
      Slide 78
    • 1:17:50 118.
      Slide 79
    • 1:17:50 119.
      Slide 80
    • 1:18:44 120.
      Slide 81
    • 1:18:54 121.
      Slide 82
    • 1:19:34 122.
      Slide 83
    • 1:20:00 123.
      Ampullae of Lorenzi
    • 1:20:30 124.
      Slide 85
    • 1:20:38 125.
      Slide 86
    • 1:21:27 126.
      Structure and functioning of elasmobranch ampullae of Lorenzi
    • 1:21:28 127.
      Slide 88
    • 1:22:43 128.
      Slide 89
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